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下载剑桥雅思真题英语听力1

As we saw in the last lecture,

在上一堂课我们已经看到了，

a major cause of climate change is the rapid rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last century.

导致气候变化的一个主要原因就是自上个世纪以来，大气中二氧化碳含量迅速增加。

If we could reduce the amount of CO2, perhaps the rate of climate change could also be slowed down.

如果我们能减少CO2的含量，也许气候变化的速度就也能有所减缓。

One potential method involves enhancing the role of the soil that plants grow in, with regard to absorbing CO2.

一个可能的措施是加强培育植物的土壤在吸收二氧化碳方面的作用。

Rattan Lal, a soil scientist from Ohio State University, in the USA,

来自美国俄亥俄州立大学的土壤学家Rattan Lal声称，

claims that the world's agricultural soils could potentially absorb 13 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

全世界的农业土壤可能一共能够吸收大气中百分之十三的二氧化碳，

the equivalent of the amount released in the last 30 years.

这一数字相当于过去三十年里释放的二氧化碳总量。

And research is going on into how this might be achieved.

研究还在继续进行，以探究怎样才能做到这一点。

Lal first came to the idea that soil might be valuable in this way not through an interest in climate change,

Lal最初产生土壤也许在方面非常重要这个想法，并不是通过对气候变化的兴趣，

but rather out of concern for the land itself and the people dependent on it.

而是出于对土壤本身以及靠它生存的人们的关心。

Carbon-rich soil is dark, crumbly and fertile, and retains some water.

碳质丰富的土壤颜色很深，易碎且肥沃，而且还能留住一些水分。

But erosion can occur if soil is dry, which is a likely effect if it contains inadequate amounts of carbon.

但是如果土壤中所含碳质不足，可能就会很干，而这也许会导致侵蚀。

Erosion is of course bad for people trying to grow crops or breed animals on that terrain.

对想要在那块地上种植庄稼或者放牧动物的人来说，土壤侵蚀当然是件坏事。

In the 1970s and 80s, LaI was studying soils in Africa so devoid of organic matter

二十世纪七八十年代时，Lal正在非洲研究土壤，那里的土壤有机物质十分匮乏，

that the ground had become extremely hard, like cement.

以至于地面变得极其坚硬，就像水泥一样。

There he met a pioneer in the study of global warming,

他在那儿遇见了一位研究全球变暖的先驱，

who suggested that carbon from the soil had moved into the atmosphere.

这位研究人员提出，土壤中的碳质都挥发进大气里了。

This is now looking increasingly likely.

现在看来这一说法越来越可信。

Let me explain. For millions of years, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been regulated,

我来解释一下，数百万年以来，大气中的二氧化碳水平都被控制着，

in part, by a natural partnership between plants and microbes — tiny organisms in the soil.

部分是由植物和土壤中的微小生物——细菌之间的天然合作关系控制的。

Plans absorb CO2 from the air and transform it into sugars and other carbon-based substances.

植物从空气中吸收CO2，并把它转化成糖分和其他碳基物质。

While a proportion of these carbon products remain in the plant,

这些碳产品中一部分会留在植物中，

some transfer from the roots to fungi and soil microbes, which store the carbon in the soil.

另一些会从植物根部转移到真菌和土壤细菌中，它们会将碳保留在土壤里。

The invention of agriculture some 10,000 years ago

大约一万年前，农业的发明

disrupted these ancient soil-building processes and led to the loss of carbon from the soil.

打乱了这些古老的土壤构成程序，导致了碳质从泥土中流失。

When humans started draining the natural topsoil,

当人类耗尽自然表层土并开始为了耕种而犁田时，

and ploughing it up for planting, they exposed the buried carbon to oxygen.

他们就把土壤中掩藏的碳质暴露在了氧气中。

This created carbon dioxide and released it into the air.

这一行为制造了二氧化碳并将其释放进了空气中。

And in some places, grazing by domesticated animals has removed all vegetation, releasing carbon into the air.

在某些地方，家养牲畜将地表所有的植被都啃噬殆尽了，碳质也因此进入了空气里。

Tons of carbon have been stripped from the world's soils — where it's needed — and pumped into the atmosphere.

大量的碳都被从地球土壤中剥离了出来，灌进了大气中，但是土壤才是需要碳质的地方。

So what can be done?

那么我们能做些什么呢?

Researchers are now coming up with evidence

研究人员现在正在拿出证据证明，

that even modest changes to farming can significantly help to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.

即使是耕种方法中的微小变化，也能在很大程度上帮助减少大气中的碳含量。

Some growers have already started using an approach known as regenerative agriculture.

一些农民已经开始使用一种叫做再生农业的方法。

This aims to boost the fertility of soil and keep it moist through established practices.

这种方法目的在于通过既有的惯常做法，增加土壤的肥力，保持土壤湿度。

These include keeping fields planted all year round, and increasing the variety of plants being grown.

包括保证土地上全年都有植物生长，并且增加种植的植物的多样性。

Strategies like these can significantly increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil,

像这样的策略能够大量增加土壤中保留的碳含量，

so agricultural researchers are now building a case for their use in combating climate change.

所以农业研究人员现在正在建立一个他们能用来对抗气候变化的案例。

下载剑桥雅思真题英语听力2

One American investigation into the potential for storing CO2 on agricultural lands is takingplace in California.

美国的一个关于在农业土地上储存二氧化碳的可能性的研究正在加利福尼亚州进行。

Soil scientist Whendee Silver of the University of California, Berkeley,

来自伯克利市加州大学的土壤学家Whendee Silver，

is conducting a first-of-its-kind study on large cattle farm in the state.

正在对该州的大型养牛场进行首次这类研究。

She and her students are testing the effects on carbon storage of the compost that is createdfrom waste

她和她的学生正在测试由废物制造的堆肥中储存的碳的作用，这些废物既来自农业废料，

both agricultural, including manure and cornstalks, and waste produced in gardens, such asleaves, branches, and lawn trimmings.

包括粪肥和玉米杆，也来自花园中产生的废物，比如落叶、树枝和修剪草坪产生的废料。

In Australia, soil ecologist Christine Jones is testing another promising soil-enrichmentstrategy.

在澳大利亚，土壤生态学家Christine Jones正在测试另一种可能的土壤增肥策略。

Jones and 12 farmers are working to build up soil carbon by cultivating grasses that stay greenall year round.

Jones和12位农民正在一起通过培育全年常绿的草来增加土壤中的碳质。

Like composting, the approach has already been proved experimentally;

和堆肥一样，这种方法在试验阶段也已经被证明有效，

Jones now hopes to show that it can be applied on working farms and that the result in carboncapture can be accurately measured.

Jones现在希望证明这种方法能够应用在运营中的农场里，以及获取的碳的结果是能够精确计算的。

It's hoped in the future that projects such as these

我们希望将来像这样的项目，

will demonstrate the role that farmers and other land managers can play in reducing theharmful effects of greenhouse gases.

会证明农民和其他土地管理者在减少温室气体的有害影响中能够发挥的作用。

For example, in countries like the United States, where most farming operations use largeapplications of fertiliser,

比如，在像美国这样的，大部分农业操作过程中都会使用大量肥料的国家，

changing such long-standing habits will require a change of system.

改变这种存在已久的习惯将需要一种系统的变化。

Rattan Lal argues that farmers should receive payment not just for the corn or beef theyproduce

Rattan Lal认为农民应该不仅从他们生产的玉米和牛肉中获利，

but also for the carbon they can store in their soil.

还应该为他们在土地中能够储存的碳质获得报酬。

Another study being carried out...

另一项研究在...

下载剑桥雅思真题英语听力3

You only had women performers in your study.

你在研究时只选择了女性作为研究对象，

Was that because male musicians are less worried about fashion?

这是因为男性音乐家对时尚关心较少吗?

I think a lot of the men are very much influenced by fashion,

我觉得很多男性都深受时尚的影响，

but in social terms the choices they have are more limited

但是从社会层面来看，他们在服装方面的选择更加有限，

they'd really upset audiences if they strayed away from quite narrow boundaries.

如果他们偏离了这本就狭窄的范围，会烦扰观众的。

Hmm. Now, popular music has quite different expectations.

嗯，流行音乐对于服装方面的要求相当不同。

Did you read Mike Frost's article about the dress of women performers in popular music?

你读过Mike Frost关于流行女音乐家的穿着的文章吗?

No.

没有。

He points out that a lot of female singers and musicians in popular music tend to dress down in performances,

他指出很多流行音乐领域的女歌手和女音乐家往往在演出时穿得比较朴素，

and wear less feminine clothes, like jeans instead of skirts,

她们会穿不那么女性化的服装，比如相对于短裙，她们更愿意穿牛仔裤，

and he suggests this is because otherwise they'd just be discounted as trivial.

他提出这是因为如果不这么穿的话，她们就会被当成无足轻重的人物被忽视。

But you could argue they're just wearing what's practical...

但是我们也可以认为她们只是穿着比较实用的衣服......

I mean, a pop-music concert is usually a pretty energetic affair.

我的意思是，开一场流行音乐演唱会通常都需要很多精力。

Yes, he doesn't make that point, but I think you're probably right.

是啊，虽然他没有这么说，但是我觉得你可能是对的。

I was interested by the effect of the audience at a musical performance when it came to the choice of dress.

她们服装方面的选择在观看音乐表演的观众中起到的效果令我很感兴趣。

The subjects I interviewed felt this was really important.

我采访的这些研究对象都觉得这一点非常重要。

It's all to do with what we understand by performance as a public event.

这和我们对演出作为一种公开活动的理解有关系。

They believed the audience had certain expectations

她们认为观众有某种期待，

and it was up to them as performers to fulfil these expectations to show a kind of esteem.

而这些期待需要她们作为表演者来满足，以表现出一种对观众的尊重。

They weren't afraid of looking as if they'd made an effort to look good.

她们并不担心自己看上去会像努力打扮过了一样。

Mmm. I think in the past the audience would have had those expectations of one another too,

我认为在过去，观众之间也互相存在期待，

but that's not really the case now, not in the UK anyway.

不过现在不是这样了，反正英国不是这样。

No.

是的。

And I also got interested in what sports scientists are doing too, with regard to clothing.

另外，我对运动科学家在服装方面的研究也产生了兴趣。

Musicians are quite vulnerable physically, aren't they,

音乐家的身体相当脆弱，不是吗?

because the movements they carry out are very intensive and repetitive,

因为他们做出的动作都很密集，而且时常重复，

so I'd imaging some features of sports clothing could safeguard the players from the potentially dangerous effects of this sort of thing.

所以我猜运动类服装具有的一些性能能够保护演奏者在进行这种动作的时候不会受到潜在危险的影响。

Yes, but musicians don't really consider it.

是的，但是音乐家不太考虑这方面的问题。

They avoid clothing that obviously restricts their movements, but that's as far as they go.

她们只会避免穿着明显限制她们动作的服装，但是也就这样了。

Anyway, coming back to your own research, do you have any idea where you're going from here?

不管怎样，我们继续回到你自己的研究上来，你有没有想过这项研究接下来要怎么进行?

I was thinking of doing a study using an audience, including...

我想的是用一名观众做一项研究，包括......