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英语考研必读美文：神奇水

A brain chemical dubbed ‘ the hormone of love ’could encourage wallflowers to become more outgoing at social gatherings, a study shows. Now researchers have found it improves the social skills of the shy-but has little effect on those who are naturally confident. The finding could have implications for those with severe social deficiencies, often apparent in conditions like autism.

一种名叫“爱情荷尔蒙”的大脑刺激药品能够帮助害羞的人在社交场合“畅所欲言”。研究者发现，这个药品改进了害羞的人的社交技巧，但是对那些“天生自信”的人却“收效甚微”。研究发现，药品对那些患有严重的社交缺陷的人疗效明显，比如：自闭症患者。

They conducted a test of 27 healthy adult men, giving them the hormone or a placebo via a nasal spray and then asking them to perform an‘empathetic accuracy task’. This involved watching others discussing emotional moments in their lives, then rating how they felt those people were feeling. The scientists, whose research is published in Psychological Science, also measured the participants’ social competency, using a test known as AQ which is usually used in autistic patients.

研究邀请了27 名健康男性，对他们进行了针对性测试。用喷雾给他们“注射”荷尔蒙，进而观察在“强调准确性”的任务中的表现。他们观察别人谈论生活中激动人心的时刻，实验再对他们就他人身上发生的事情的感受能力打分。研究还对参与者的“社会能力”进行了测试，测试中囊括了一种叫做“逆境商数”(AQ)的测验。这种测验通常用来测试自闭症患者。

The more socially comfortable participants performed well on the empathetic accuracy task regardless of whether they were on oxytocin or placebo, but less socially proficient participants performed significantly better on oxytocin, with their empathetic accuracy performance identical to that of the socially proficient participants. Prof Jennifer Bartz, of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, said: “Oxytocin is widely believed to make all people more empathic and understanding of others. Our study contradicts that. Instead, oxytocin appears to be helpful only for those who are less socially proficient. Our data show that oxytocin selectively improves social cognition in people who are less socially proficient, but had little impact on more socially proficient individuals.”

不管有没有“催产素”，表现“自信”的人都在“同情心测试”中表现得很好，但是“不那么自信”的人的表现却显著提升，甚至到达了和“自信”的人一样的水平。西奈山医院的詹妮弗·巴茨教授说：“人们普遍认为‘催产素’能使人变得更加有同情心，更能理解别人。但是我们的研究与这种观点不同。我们认为“催产素”对那些社交能力不强的人很有效果。我们的数据显示“催产素”可以选择性地改善人们的社交认知能力，它对社交能力不强的人效果很好，但是对本身就很自信的人没有什么效果。

英语考研必读美文：快餐无辜

A study by academics from the University of California and Northwestern University claimed that “ the causal link between the consumption of restaurant foods and obesity is minimal at best.”

加利福尼亚大学和西北大学的一项研究发现“快餐食物和肥胖之间并没有必然联系”。

It argued that a tax on high-calorie food, as proposed by many health campaigners in the US and Britain, may therefore not be an effective way for governments to tackle the problem.

在英国和美国，众多的健康人士建议对高卡路里食物征税，但是这项研究却表明这样做也许并不是政府解决肥胖问题的有效途径。

The study analyzed data compiled by the US Department of Agriculture on calorie intake around the country. It found that people living closer to restaurants were not significantly more likely to be obese than people living further away, indicating that easy access to restaurants had little effect.

该研究分析了由美国农业局统计的关于美国各个地区人们卡路里摄入量的数据。结果发现住在餐馆附近的人并不比远地方的人更加肥胖，这就意味着离快餐店近并不是造成肥胖的直接原因。

It also showed that while restaurant meals typically held more calories than home-produced food, many customers often offset this by eating less throughout the rest of the day.

该研究同时还表明虽然快餐食物通常含有比家里自制的食物更高的卡路里，但是人们在吃完快餐食物之后往往会减少一天食物的摄入量，这样副作用就抵消了。

Obese people who ate at restaurants, the study indicated,“also eat more when they eat at home.”

研究表明，在餐馆吃饭的肥胖人士在自己家里的时候往往也会吃得很多。

The US government estimates that about one in three Americans, or 100 million in total, are obese. Last month it was predicted that 75 percent of Americans would be overweight in 2020.

美国政府估计每一百个美国人中间就有一个肥胖者。上个月的一项调查预估到2020 年75%的美国人都会超重。

The problem is thought to cost Americans between $150 billion and $170 billion in annual medical costs.

肥胖问题每年都会花费美国政府1500 亿到1700 亿美元的医疗费用。

The study’s authors, Michael Anderson and David Matsa, wrote: “While taxing restaurant meals might cause bese consumers to change where they eat, our results suggest that a tax would be unlikely to affect their underlying tendency to overeat.”

该研究的作者，迈克尔·安德逊和大卫·麦莎写到，“尽管向高卡路里食物征税可能改变人们的就餐地点，但是却不能改变他们潜在的过度饮食的习惯。”

英语考研必读美文：智能手机应用程序跟踪心理健康

Military service is notoriously rough on a service member ’s mental health. According to some estimates, 30 percent of service members develop some type of mental health issue within four months of returning home after deployment.

当兵对个人的心理健康会造成重大的负面影响。据估计，百分之三十的服兵役的人在退伍回家之后的四个月内会或多或少出现一些心理疾病。

The military is spending more money than ever to address mental health issues within the ranks, and their latest attempt is a smart phone application called the T2 MoodTracker application, which helps service members keep track of their mental health after deployments.

部队现在正花大代价来解决军人们的心理健康问题。他们最新推出了一个叫做T2 情绪追踪器的智能手机应用软件，这个软件可以帮助退伍士兵时刻关注自己的心理健康问题。

The app works like a high-tech diary, allowing users to express emotions and behaviors that result from therapy, medication, daily experiences or changes happening at work or in the home.

这个软件就好像是一本高科技日记，使用者可以把他们接受心理治疗使用药物之后的情感和行为记录下来，也可以记录他们在工作和生活中经历的一些事情。

The smart phone app isn ’t supposed to be a pocket therapist, though. It serves more as an extremely accurate and timely record of a service member’s mental health.

这款软件并不能被当做一个“随身携带的医生”。它只是用来及时而准确地记录退伍老兵的心理健康。

Perry Bosmajian is a psychologist with the National Center for TeleHealth and Technology, where this smart phone app was created. He says this smart phone app will yield much more accurate results on the psychological conditions of service members who have returned home.

皮埃尔·博斯马吉安是这款软件的设计者，他在国家远程卫生和技术中心工作。他说这款软件能够详细记录下退伍士兵的心理健康状况。

“Therapists and physicians often have to rely on patient recall when trying to gather information about symptoms over the previous weeks or months,” Bosmajian said. “Research has shown that information collected after the fact, especially about mood, tends to be inaccurate. The best record of an experience is when it’s recorded at the time and place it happens.”

“治疗师和医生都必须依靠病人的描述来获取信息，判断他们前几个星期或者前几个月里出现的一些症状”，博斯马吉安说，“这些依靠回忆获得的信息往往是不可靠的，特别是关于情绪的回忆。最好的办法就是在情绪发生的时候将它准确地记录下来。”

The app specifically tracks anxiety, depression, general well-being, life stress, post traumatic stress and brain injury. The daily expressions add up over time to produce a trend that can be observed by physicians and therapists.

这款软件能够详细记录下使用者的焦虑，抑郁，幸福感，生活的压力，创伤后的压力和脑部损伤。这些每天记录下来的信息日积月累就可以形成一条曲线，治疗师和医生可以参考这条曲线所反映的心理趋势。

The app has been downloaded more than 5,000 times since it became available on the Android Market a year ago. The app should be available for iPhone users some time next year.

这款软件一年前在Android 市场上发布以来，已经被下载了5000 次。明年也许就可以在iPhone 上使用了。

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