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sci论文写作常用句子

文献简介

1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.

2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......

3. Previous studies have reported ......

4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......

5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......

6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......

7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......

8. Recent evidence suggests that .......

9. Several attemps have been made to ......

10. A number of researchers have reported ......

11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).

12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....

强调研究领域存在的问题

1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......

2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......

3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:

4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......

5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......

6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.

7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......

强调研究领域存在的争议

1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......

2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....

3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......

4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......

5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.

6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ......

7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......

强调研究领域的知识差距

1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......

2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......

3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......

4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......

5. So far this method has only been applied to ......

6. This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among ......

7.However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ......

8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ......

9.The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.

10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ......

11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ......

12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......

13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....

14. No previous study has investigated X

15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ...., no single study exists which .... ..

强调前人研究的不足之处

1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......

2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.

3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.

4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......

5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....

6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......

7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.

8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.

9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.

10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......

11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......

12. However, much of the research up to now has been deive in nature ....

13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......

14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.

15. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......

重申研究目的

1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.

2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......

3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......

4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......

5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......

6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ......

7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which ...... and whether .....

8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .......

9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ......

10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of .......

11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....

12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ......

13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ......

14. The major objective of this study was to investigate ......

15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ......

16. The objectives of this research are to determine ......

17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by ......, and the effect of ......

18. This study systematically reviews the data for......, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of .....

研究问题/假设

1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......

2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:

3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......

4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......

5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:

6. Another question is whether ......

介绍方法、数据的来源

1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ...... 2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.

3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.

4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......

This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......

5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.

6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both deive, interpretive and empirical data.

7. A holistc approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish ......

8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .....

9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via .......

10. Five works will be examined, all of which .....

表明局限性

1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ...... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .......The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of ......

2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.

概况研究框架

1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.

2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.

3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......

4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.

5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.

6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ......

7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ......

8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,

9. ......and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.

10. ...... Finally, areas for further research are identified.

解释关键术语

1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......

2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......

3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.

4. According to ...... (2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of ...... "

5. The term X is a relatively new name for ...... commonly referred to as ....

精彩论文范文

浅谈中医生活护理

【关键词】中医 生活护理 环境 起居

中图分类号：R248文献标识码：B文章编号：1005-0515(2011)10-142-01

人们的日常生活起居及周围环境，与人体的健康具有密切关系。住院病人的生活起居条件，直接影响着治疗效果。生活护理，就是要对病人的日常生活起居加以照料，包括为病人提供一个良好的休养环境，使病人早日康复。古代医家对此积累了丰富的经验，可概括为以下两方面。

1 病区环境要求

1.1 病室整洁，温度、湿度、及光线适宜

明代陈实功《外科正宗》中指出：“先要洒扫患房洁净”，“冬要温床暖室，夏宜净几明窗”。这是对病人居住环境的基本要求。

病室内的卫生环境，直接影响患者的身体健康。应当指导病室的所有人员，都要关心并随时注意保持室内的整洁。病室内的陈设应力求简单实用，易于搬动，便于打扫，同时要便于医生查体和临床护理操作。除设置病人必须用品外，其余物品应当让家属带回。要定时打扫病室，要求门窗四壁净，天棚地板净。室内要湿式擦洗，防止灰尘飞扬。患者床单必须保持清洁、平整、干燥。床头柜要擦干净，病人的物品放置也要有规律。病人出院后，要清理床铺，更换被服，擦洗床头柜，整理病人用过的一切用品，进行消毒，做好迎接新患者的准备。

在保持室内整齐、干净的同时，还要适当调节室内的温度、湿度以及光线。病室温度以 18～20°C为宜。。过低会使病人感到寒冷，过高病人会感到炎热不适。病人对气温感觉有一定差别，应加以注意。老年人和阳虚阴盛之体多畏寒，室温宜偏高;年轻人和阴虚阳盛之体多恶热，室温宜偏低。外感风寒者，多恶风寒，要注意保温，室温宜偏高;里热亢盛者，但热不寒，要注意通风，室温宜偏低。若室温过高时可开窗通风或用电扇调节，但须注意不要让冷风直接吹在病人身上。《天隐子养生书》中指出：“避风如避箭，若盛暑所居，两头通屋，弄堂夹道，风回凉爽，其为害尤甚。养生者当慎之。”冬季若室温过低，要注意关紧门窗，并增加衣被或用热水袋以取暖。病人对室温要求不同时，可以通过加减衣被来调节。尤其应注意的是，北方冬季寒风凛冽，病室的窗户应当封好，仅留有气窗，以免靠窗病床的病人感受风邪。《保生要录》曾指出：“常坐之处，令其四面周密，勿令小有细隙，致风得入。人不易知，其伤人最重。初时不觉，久能中人。”总之，四时气候变化很大，要注意调节病室的温度。

室内空气湿度也须适当调节。湿度过高，汗液的蒸发受阻，病人会感到潮湿憋闷。脾虚湿盛及风寒湿痹患者，对此就更为敏感，往往会使病情加重。湿度过低，病人会感到口鼻干燥，咽喉不适。火热亢盛者就更觉口渴欲饮，特别是阴虚肺热者，常常会因此而诱发鼻衄、呛咳。一般室内的相对湿度应以55%～65%为宜。湿度过高，可开窗通风。湿度过低，可在室内洒水或用湿拖布擦地，冬季可在暖气上放湿毛巾以提高湿度。

另外，室内光线宜充足，使病人感到舒适愉快，同时也便于医护人员诊疗及护理操作。夏季正午，室内光线过强时可用窗帘适当遮蔽强光。正如《天隐子养生书》所云，室内应当“阴阳适中，明暗相半”，“太明即下帘，以和其内映，太暗则�帘，以通其外耀。内以安心，外以安目，心目具安，则身安矣”。说明光线的调节对病人很重要。

1.2 居处安静、空气新鲜

《素问・生气通天论》曰：“苍天之气，清净则志意治・・・・・・。”说明人的精神情志与外界环境密切相关。安静的环境，清新的空气，会使人感到心情愉快，身体舒适。相反，人声嘈杂，机器轰鸣小儿啼哭，会令人烦恼。病人的心理常常是紧张、焦急、烦恼、不安。对普通人来说几乎是无所谓的一点点声响，对病人来说可能就是一种不良刺激，往往会使病情加重。例如，心气虚者，甚至一声门响都会使之心悸不已;走廊的脚步声，会使患者彻夜不眠。因此医护人员要重视并保证病室内及周围环境的安静。使病人得到充分的休息和睡眠，从而精神振作，食欲增加，有利于疾病的康复。

保持病区内外环境的空气新鲜也是非常重要的。室内空气混浊，会使人感到头晕、疲倦，因此病室内严禁吸烟，同时要注意室内通风。夏季天气炎热，应经常打开门窗通风换气，其他季节可视情况而定每天至少1～2次。冬季气候寒冷，只能打开小气窗，时间不宜过长，切勿使空气对流。通风前要做好病人的保暖工作，防止病人受凉而感冒。

1.3 瘟疫劳瘵，消毒隔离

瘟疫是具有强烈传染性和流行性的一类急性热病的总称 。劳瘵则是一种具有传染性的慢性虚损性疾患。对于传染病的护理要注意食具、衣物以及病室空气的消毒，要采取隔离治疗的方法，以免传染给他人。但有时往往由于医生的误诊而将传染病患者收入普通病房。尤其在传染病流行季节，护士更应提高警惕，发现后立即将患者转至专科病房，并对原病房内外进行严格的消毒。

2 病人起居护理

2.1 法于阴阳，起居有常

中医认为自然界与人体是一个有机的整体，自然界季节、气候的变化，必然会使人体产生相应的反应，即“人与天地相应”。因此，在护理工作中，也应根据自然界四时阴阳的变化规律，指导患者的日常生活起居。春季天气由寒转暖，但气候不稳定，乍寒乍热，宣暄不一，所以当告知患者“不可顿去棉衣”。尤其是老年人，“气弱骨疏体怯，风冷易伤腠理”，应当提醒他们根据气温的变化，随时加减衣被。并且多主张“棉衣晚脱，不可令背寒”，“春不可衣薄”，“衣欲下厚而上薄”。夏季万物生长茂盛，人体阳气也发散于外，可以晚些入睡，但应早起锻炼身体。夏季天气炎热，不可让病人图一时之快而在空气对流的过道、弄堂中乘凉，也“不得于星月下露卧”，或睡眠中令人扇风取凉。秋季天气渐凉，人体阳气应当收敛，要“早卧早起”。秋季某些旧病容易复发，所以“宜和平将摄”。冬季天寒地冻，人体“伏阳在内”，可以“早卧晚起”，病室宜保暖，“去寒就温，无泄皮肤”。但也不可过暖，“棉衣当晚着，使渐渐加厚”。尤其是老年人“骨肉疏薄”，易感外邪，冬季不宜早起外出，以免感受风寒。总之，应该根据四时的变化，加以调护。

2.2 沐浴更衣，讲究卫生

使住院患者养成良好的卫生习惯，对于预防疾病的互相传播具有积极意义，有条件的地方，应当在病人入院时即给予沐浴，然后更换住院服，再送入病区。护士要督促轻患者搞好个人卫生，每日早晚要刷牙，每餐后要漱口，饭前、便后要洗手，勤剪指甲，经常保持皮肤及口腔的清洁。每晚临睡前要洗脸洗脚。用温水洗脚可以促进气血流通，帮助去除疲劳，以获得良好的睡眠。夏季天气炎热，人体汗出较多，应当勤洗澡，勤换衣裤。其他季节可根据情况1～2周左右沐浴一次，以保持皮肤清洁，衬衣也要每周换洗一次。孙思邈曾指出：“饥忌浴，饱忌沐。”我们应当注意宣传，以免患者空腹洗澡后发生晕厥。对卧床不起的病人，护士应当定期给予床上擦浴、洗头、修剪指甲，对于二便失禁的病人，要勤换尿布，勤擦洗，保持臀部干燥，防止发生褥疮。同时还要经常做好卫生宣传，指导病人不但要搞好个人卫生，还要保持公共卫生，不要随地吐痰，乱扔果皮等。

2.3 动静结合，促病痊愈

住院病人应当很好休息，以保持体力，有助于病体康复。适当的运动，可以使经络通畅，营卫气血调和，增加抵御外邪的能力，所以住院病人也应动静结合。要根据每个人的具体情况，适当安排休息和运动，不宜过分强调休息。急性病和危重患者须卧床休息，日常生活要由护理人员帮助，随着病情的好转，可在床上做适量的活动。大病初愈，也应当注意休息，待体力恢复后，再循序渐进地适当运动。慢性病和恢复期病人，不可久卧病榻，“久卧伤气”，对机体不利，可以到户外活动，如散步、做体操、打太极拳等，使血脉流通，以利于疾病的恢复。