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大学英语写作教程复习重点1

Sentence fragments：

句子碎片：

sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.

句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。

When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop (period， exclamation point，or question mark)at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.

当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿(句号， 感叹号，问号)，他被称为句子片段

A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：

句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正

a. by joining it to another sentence 把它加入进另一个句子

b. by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一个主语和谓语

c. by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改变句意的范围内重写

Any verbless or subjectless fragment of a sentence ，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.

任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。

A. A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly;by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it ，whichever makes sense ;or by rewriting the fragment entirely.

一个缺少主语或谓语的句子碎片可以通过增加一个相应的主语或谓语来改正;或通过把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整;或完全的重写句子碎片。

B. Added—detail fragments also lack a subject and a verb .They often begin with one of the following words.;for example ，also，except，such as ，including，especially，namely 额外的碎片也是缺少主语和谓语的。大多是以以下的词开始的;例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特别，即

An added—detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below： 额外碎片可以通过以下三种方式改正

a. Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.

附加到他之前的完整意思中

b. Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.

在碎片中加入主语和谓语使他成为一个完整的句子

c. Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.

改变必要的词汇使句子碎片成为一个句子

Run—on sentence

连写句

A run—on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts (or independent clauses)without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.

连写句是两个或两个以上的写在一起且中间没有明显停顿标记的完整的意思(独立句) They may be corrected in four principal ways：

连写句的四种主要的改正方法：

a. Use a period and write two separate sentence.用一个句号把它写成两个分开的不同的句子。 b. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction用逗号和适合的连词

c. Use a semicolon用一个分号

d. Make one of the clauses dependent 使其中的一个句子变为从句

Misplaced and dangling modifiers

大学英语写作教程复习重点2

错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语

A modifier is a word，a phrase，or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify，that is，to limit，qualify，or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,clause.Misplaced and dangling modifiers break a fundamental rule that all modifiers must be near the word they modify. Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语修饰语在句子中的职能就是去修饰和限定句子中的另一个词的意思。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语破坏了修饰语必须挨着他所修饰的那个词的基本的规则。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语都修饰了错误的词或没有起到修饰的作用。

Misplaced modifiers

错位修饰语

A modifier is misplaced when it appears so far from what it is supposed to modify that the connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else

当一个修饰语出现在离他要修饰的词很远的地方时，修饰看起来不再明显或像在修饰其他的什么。

Squinting modifiers

偏斜修饰语

A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it. Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at once.The result is a sentence with two possible meanings。

偏斜修饰语就是指一个修饰词看起来在同时修饰他前后的两个词,看起来是在一次修饰两个方向，结果句子就出现了两种可能的意思。

Split infinitives

分裂不定式

A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive “to”has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.

分裂不定式是将to 和有联系的那个动词隔离开的结构。

Dangling modifiers

悬垂修饰语

A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.

悬垂修饰语是一组在句子中与任何元素都没有语法联系的修饰语。

There are five kinds of dangling modifiers：五种悬垂修饰

a. dangling participles 悬垂分词

b. dangling gerunds悬垂动名词

c. dangling infinitives 悬垂不定式

d. dangling elliptical clauses悬垂精简句

e. dangling prepositional phrases悬垂介词短语

Correcting dangling modifiers

校正悬垂修饰语

a. One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what the writer meant to modify。

一种方法是舍弃修饰语照现在的样子改写主句，以便明白什么才是作者修饰的主题。

b. Another way to correct sentence containing dangling modifiers is to change the dangling construction into a subordinate clause.

另一种改正包含悬垂修饰语的句子方法是将悬垂结构改成一个从句。

c. The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.

第三种方法是省略悬垂修饰语，重写完整的句子。

Pronoun reference

指示代词

Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns (persons，places， or things)，which otherwise would have to repeated over and over.指示代词代替那些在句子中多次出现的名词。 Antecedent 先行词 代词所指代的那个词。每个代词有且只有一个先行词

Pronoun must be used in such a way as to make their exact reference clear.

代词必须在这样的方式中使用已明确他们的职权

a. more than one possible antecedent 不可以有多个先行词

b. it has no antecedent at all 没有先行词

Weak reference

暗示指代

Weak reference refers to the type of the sentence in which the antecedent of a pronoun is implied or unspecified.

暗示指代是代词的先行词是暗示或未指定的句子类型

Implied pronoun reference also refers to the type of sentence in which the same pronoun stands for different implied antecedents.

暗含代词也引用同样的代名词代表不同的隐含先行词的句子类型

Broad reference

宽泛指代

There are two ways to improve broad reference：两种改善宽泛指代的方法

a. Eliminate the pronoun 不要使用代词

b. Change the pronoun to a demonstrative adjective by giving it a noun to modify

把代词变为指示形容词

Parallelism

平行 排比

Parallelism is the rhetorical principle that sentence elements having the same grammatical function should be put in the same grammatical form. It is the writer’s technique of balancing like with like —noun with noun，verb with verb， infinitive with infinitive，phrase with phrase，clause with clause，and so forth. 平行的修辞原则就是句子中有相同的语法功能的成分要放在相同的语法结构中。这是作家们对类似物的平衡技巧，名词和名词，动词和动词，不定式和不定式，短语和短语，分句和分句，等等。

Value of parallelism

排比的价值

It is used by writers for two reasons ：to make a sentence smooth and coherent rather than jerky and awkward，and to give sentences rhythm，balance，and greater force.

作者用排比来保持句子的流畅和连贯，和给句子 节奏 平衡 强调语气

Techniques used in gaining parallelism

排比的使用方法

a. Elements joined by coordinating conjunctions加入并列连词

b. Elements joined by correlative conjunctions 加入关联连词

c. Repetition of certain word 重复一些有特点的词

Unnecessary shifts

不必要的变幻

An unnecessary shift，as the name implies ，is a sudden—andinexplicable shift in the point of view used by the writer.不必要的变幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可说明的观点

A good writer needs to keep consistency in voice，tense，mood，person and discourse. 一个好的作者要保持语态 时态 语气 人称 以及叙事方式的一致

a. Unnecessary shifts in voice or subject语态一致

b. Unnecessary shifts in tense时态上的一致

c. Unnecessary shifts in mood语气上的一致

d. Unnecessary shifts in person or number人称 数上的一致

e. Unnecessary shifts in discourse叙事方式上的一致

f. Discourse (speech)can be either direct or indirect叙事方式可以是直接引语或间接引语 Sentence emphasis

大学英语写作教程复习重点3

句子开头的多样性

a. begin sentences with an appositive用同位语做句子开头

b. begin sentences with an adverb 用副词做句子开头

c. begin sentences with an adjective or adjective phrase用形容词或形容词短语做句子开头 d. begin sentences with participial phrase用分词短语做句子开头

e. begin sentences with an infinitive phrase用不定式短语做句子开头

f. begin sentences with a prepositional phrase用介词短语做句子开头

g. begin sentences with clause modifiers用从句做句子开头

B. Varying the kinds of sentences

句子种类的多样性

A )Use simple，compound，and complex sentences 用简单句并列句以及含有从句的复杂句

B)use rhetorical sentences 运用修辞手法

a.the loose sentences 松散句

b.the periodic sentences 圆周句

c.Sentences are not necessarily periodic or loose throughout句子不一定是松散句或圆周句 d.the balanced sentence is one that contains two or more phrases or clauses similar in form about the same length ，but often contrasted in meaning.

平衡句子是在对相同长度中的句子包括两个或两个以上的相似形式短语或分句

C. Varying the length of sentences

句子长度的多样性

Coordination 并列连词

Coordination is the linking of equally weighed elements .

连词可连接相等重量的元素

Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness , variety , emphasis and unity to our writing .

聪明的运用连词可以使句子通顺，多样性，加强语气，增强我们文章的统一性。 Patterns of coordination

连词的模式

A. simple coordination

简单的连词

B. a second pattern of coordination makes use of correlative conjunctions to strengthen the connection between two coordination elements

第二种连词的模式利用相关加强协调两个连词元素的连接

C. a third pattern of coordination involves the series , a list of three or more items .

第三种连词的模式包含一系列、列表、三个或更多的物品

Try eliminating all conjunctions ; it is even possible to combine in a single sentence a series that repeats conjunctions with one that eliminates the rest completely ; they can be grouped into pairs . 试着消除所有连词,它甚至可以用一句话概括了一系列与重复合用,消除了其余的全部，它们可以分组配对。

Avoidance of excessive coordination 避免通篇使用连词

Subordination

从句

subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader .

从句是把重要性不相等概念放在一起的手法，通过相对的比较使读者更容易明白

Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness .

从句帮助我们避免断断续续的句子或者过多的连词以达到多样性和句子的通顺

Ways of subordination

从句的方法

a. subordination by and adverbial clause状语从句

b. subordination by and attributive clause 定语从句

c. subordination by a modifying phrase 修饰短语从句

d. subordination by an appositive 同位语从句

e. subordination by a word . 用单词

Avoidance of inverted subordination . 避免倒装的从句

Avoidance of expressive overlapping of subordination constructions

避免过量的重叠的从句

Avoidance of expressive subordination 避免表达过多的从属