一、现在进行时

1. 表示现在 (说话瞬间) 正在进行或发生的动作。

[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.

2. 表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作 (说话时动作不一定正在进行)。

[例句] What are you doing these days?

3. 表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等, 常与always, constantly, continually等副词连用。

[例句] He is always thinking of others.

4. 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移动”、“方向”的词。

[例句] He is coming to see me next week.

二、过去进行时

1. 表示过去某时正在进行的动作。

[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.

2. 动词go, come, leave, arrive, start等的过去进行时常表过去将来时。

[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.

三、一般现在时

1. 表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态, 常与usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等时间状语连用。

[例句] He often does his homework in his study.

2. 表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态。

[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.

3. 表示客观规律或科学真理、格言, 以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在。

[例句] The moon goes around the sun.

4. 在有连词if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引导的时间、条件和让步状语从句中, 用一般现在时表将来。

[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.

四、一般过去时

1. 表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.

2. 在时间、条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。

[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.

五、一般将来时

1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态, 常与表示将来的时间状语连用。

[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.

2. 常用来表示将来时的结构包括：

(1) shall / will + 动词原形：(单纯) 表将来, 一般不用于条件句。

(2) be going to + 动词原形：(计划)打算做……。

(3) be about to + 动词原形：即将或正要去做某事,通常不与时间状语连用,但可与when引导的从句连用。

(4) be to + 动词原形：预定要做……。

(5) be doing 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,常与go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的动词连用。

六、现在完成时

1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.

2. 常与介词for, during, in, within, over等引导的时间状语连用, 表示过去的某一行为一直延续到现在。

[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.

3. 表示反复或习惯性的动作, 常与several times, once, twice, frequently等频度副词连用。

[例句] I have been to the USA several times.

4. 表示从过去到现在没有发生过的动作。

[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.

5. 用在时间、条件状语从句中, 表示从句动作先于主句动作完成。

[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.

6. 在“最高级+ 名词”或在“这是第几次…”之后跟定语从句，从句用现在完成时。

[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.

②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.

七、过去完成时

1. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。

[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.

2. 有些动词 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。

[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.

◆动词时态应注意的几点

1. 瞬间性动词的一般现在时和现在进行时常用来表示将来的动作。例句：

①The film begins in a minute.

②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.

2. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例句：

①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.

②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.

③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.

3. 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别：一般过去时和现在完成时都表示过去所发生的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的影响、结果等，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系,因而它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：

—Have you finished your work?

—Yes, I have.

—When did you finish it?

—I finished it last summer.

◆直接引语与间接引语转换时应注意的几个问题：

1. 人称的变化

2. 时态的变化

3. 时间状语的变化

4. 地点状语的变化

例句：

①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”

→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.

②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”

→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.

◆定语从句中关系代词只能用that和不能用that的几种情况：

只能用that的情况

1. 先行词是不定代词。

例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.

2. 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或only, last, same, very等修饰。

例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.

②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.

3. 先行词既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.

不能用that的情况

1. 非限制性定语从句中。

例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.

2. 先行词本身是that。

例句：I have that which you gave me.

3. “介词+ 关系代词”结构。

例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.

◆现在完成进行时与现在完成时进行的比较：

1. 强调动作还未结束时, 多用现在完成进行时;强调动作的结果时, 多用现在完成时。例句：

①I have been painting the paining. (强调“一直在画”这个动作)

②I have painted the painting. (强调“画完了”这个结果)

2. 有些动词不能用在现在完成进行时中，但可用在现在完成时中。如：have, love, see等。例句：

①She has had a cold for a week.

②They have loved each other for three years.

③I have seen this movie.

-ing形式：

1. having done

having done是非谓语动词中-ing形式的完成式,而doing则是其一般式,它们都与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,只是doing与句中谓语动词同时发生或基本上同时发生;having done则表示动作或状态发生在句中谓语动词之前。

[例句]

①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited这两个动作几乎同时发生)

②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 发生在take a rest之前)

2. 动词后接动词的-ing形式和不定式有些动词后既可接动词的-ing形式也可接to do形式作宾语，但意义有所不同。

[例如]

① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示动作已经发生;

forget / remember / regret to do sth. 则表示该动作未发生。

② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;

mean doing sth. 表示“意味着做某事”。

③ try to do sth. 表示“设法尽力做某事”;

try doing sth. 表示“试着做某事”。

④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下来接着做另一件事”;

stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。

⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接着做另一件事”;

go on doing sth. 表示“继续做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。

⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能帮助做某事”;

can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。

3. have/has been doing

have / has been doing是现在完成进行时的构成，强调动作的延续过程，动作可能还在进行。而have / has done是现在完成时的构成，强调动作的结果，该动作通常已经结束。

[例句]

①I have written a book. (动作结束)

②I have been writing a book. (可能未写完，侧重最近一直忙于写书)