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小学英语语法入门：代词

代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词可以分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词。

一、 人称代词

1、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：

单数 复数

格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格

第一人称 I me we us

第二人称 you you you you

第三人称 he him they them

she her they them

it it they them

2、人称代词的用法

(1)代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格：

He has great concern for them. 他很关心他们。

They all like him very much. 他们都很喜欢他。

She gave the books to you and me. 这些书是她送给你和我的。

(2)人称代词作表语时，用宾格时较多，特别是在口语中，例如：

Who is knocking at the door?- It’s me. 谁敲门?-是我。

If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是她就接收这个意见。

Imagine yourself to be me. 设想你是我。

但在下面这种结构中却常用主格：

It was he who did it.

It is she who wants it.

在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格：

He is more intelligent than her.

He is taller than I am.

3、在使用人称代词时还应注意以下几点：

(1)we, you两词有时可用来泛指一般人：

We (you) have to be cautious under such circumstances.

在这样的情况下大家应特别小心。

We (You) should keep calm even when we (you) are in danger.

即使在危急时刻也要保持冷静。

They也可用来泛指某一些人：

They don’t allow us to smoke here. 这儿不让抽烟。(They代表谁不清楚)

They don’t make decent furniture nowadays. 现今做不出象样的家具。

(2)she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等：

I think England will do what she promised to do. 我想英国会履行她的诺言。

The “Easter” is due in tomorrow, isn’t she? 东方号轮船明天进港，是吗?

(3)在并列的主语中，I总放在最后：

Mr. Wang and I are in charge of the work. 我和王先生负责这项工作。

小学英语语法入门：疑问代词

1、疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：

指人：who, whom, whose

指物：what

既可指人又可指物：which

2、疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较：

疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?

What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?

限定词： Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?

What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?

3、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：

Which girls do you like best?

你喜欢哪几个姑娘?

What girls do you like best?

你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

4、who通常作主语和表语，whom作宾语，例如：

Who is to take the chair? 谁做主席?

Who is speaking? 是哪一位(打电话)?

Who(m) did you meet on the street?

你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)

Who(m) are you taking the book to?

你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语，置句首)

To whom did you speak on the campus?

你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。)

5、Whose, what, which这三个疑问代词可以用作：

(1) 主语：

What happened next? 后来怎么样了呢?

Whose is better? 谁的好一些?

Which is yours? 哪是你的?

2) 表语：

What’s your father? 你父亲是干什么的?

Whose is it? 这是谁的?

They are so alike, you can’t tell which is which. 他们是那样相像，你都分不出谁是谁了。

(3) 宾语：

What do you mean? 你是什么意思?

Which do you prefer? 你愿意要哪一个?

Whose are you going to borrow? 你预备借谁的?

(4) 定语：

Which train will you take? 你搭哪一班火车?

What time shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再碰头?

Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的雨伞?

6、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：

I can't make out what he is driving at.

我不知道他用意何在。

Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?

你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?

Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.

你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。

小学英语语法入门：指示代词

表示“这个”，“那个”，“这些”，“那些”等意思的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式

1、指示代词用法：

(1) 作主语：

This is the way to do it. 这事儿就该这样做。

This is what I want to emphasize. 这就是我想强调的。

This is a chair. 这是一把椅子。

That is Linda's book. 这是琳达的书。

Whose pens are those? 那些是谁的钢笔。

(2) 作宾语：

We should always keep this in mind. 我们应当经常记住这一点。

I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚至那个。

Have you read this? 你读过这个吗?

I like these but she likes those. 我喜欢这些，而她喜欢那些。

(3) 作表语：

My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。

Her plan is this. 她的计划是这样的。

His worries are those. 他的烦恼就是那些。

(4) 作定语：

You can't swim at this time of the year. 你不能在这个时候游泳。

I don't like that man. 我不喜欢那个人。

We must get to know these tricks of theirs. 我们必须懂得他们这一套鬼花招。

2、指示代词的用法区别

(1) this和these一般指在空间和时间上较近的事物，that和those一般指在空间和时间上较远的事物。

例：This is a map of China and that is a map of the world.

这是一张中国地图，那是一张世界地图。

Please come this way. We'll go in by that door. 请这边走，我们从那扇门进去。

In those year they led a hard life. 在那些岁月里，他们生活得很艰难

2) this和these常指后面将要讲到的事物，有启下的作用，that和those常指前面已经讲到过的事物，起承上的作用。

例：I shall say this to you: he is an honest man. 我将对你说这一点：他是一个诚实的人。

He felt ill. That is why he didn't come. 他病了，那就是他没来的原因。

He broke the glass, and that cost him five dollars. 他打破了玻璃，那花费了他5美元。

(3) that和those有时可用来代替前面提到过的东西，以避免重复这个名词：

These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 这些机器比我们去年生产的好。

The oil output in 1988 was much higher than that of 1986. 1988年的石油产量比1986年高很多。

The history of China is as interesting as that of Russia. 中国的历史同俄国的历史一样有趣。

(4) 在电话中，this表示打电话者，that表示接电话的对方。

例：A: Hello! This is Bob (speaking).喂，我是鲍勃。

B: Who's that please? 请问是哪位?(美语用Who's it?或Who's this?)

3、such也是一个指示代词，在句子中可用作：

(1) 定语：

We have had such a busy day. 我们今天忙得真够呛。

I don’t like such weather. 我不喜欢这样的天气。

(2) 主语：

Such was my immediate impression. 这就是我当时的印象。

Such are the results. 结果就是如此。

(3) 表语：

His illness was not such as to cause anxiety. 他的病还不至于使人焦虑不安。

4、same也可以看作指示代词，在句中能作定语、主语、表语或宾语：

She said the same thing all over again. 她把同样的话又说了一遍。

The same may be said of his brother. 他弟弟也有这种情形。

Our views are the same. 我们的看法是相同的。

“Happy New year!” “The same to you!” “新年好!”“新年好!”