巴赫的生平简介和主要作品

发布时间:2017-06-06 10:22

巴赫的生平简介

约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫( 德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日 --- 1750年7月28日 )，德国伟大的作曲家是成功的把西欧不同民族的音乐风格浑然溶为一体的音乐大师。他萃集意大利、法国和德国传统音乐中的精华，曲尽其妙，珠联璧合，天衣无缝。巴赫自己在一生中并未享有盛名，而且在死后五十年中就已被世人遗忘。但是在近来一个半世纪中他的名气却在不断地增长，今天一般认为他是超越时空的最伟大的作曲家之一。

生平介绍

早年自学音乐

巴赫于1685年3月21日出生在今日德国中部杜林根森林地带的爱森纳赫。虽然这是一个小城镇，可它的市民却酷爱音乐。据说该市古代的城门上竟刻着“音乐常在我们的市镇中照耀”的字样。并且中世纪的吟歌者经常手执竖琴，在这里吟唱诗歌并举行歌唱比赛。瓦格纳曾据此写了著名歌剧《唐·豪塞》。而十六世纪的宗教改革家马丁路德，也在此将《圣经》译成德语。巴赫家族是地地道道的音乐世家，他的家庭早在他来世前许多年就已经在音乐界赫赫有名了。他父亲是一位优秀的小提琴手，祖父的兄弟中有两位是具有天赋的作曲家，叔伯兄弟姐妹中有几位是颇受尊敬的音乐家。对于具有极高音乐天赋的小巴赫来说，在这样的家庭成长原是十分幸运的，然而命运之神却偏要找些麻烦：他9岁丧母，10岁丧父，只得靠大哥继续抚养。

尽管家里存放着大量音乐资料，可专横的兄长就是不允许他翻阅学习，无论他怎样苦苦恳求也无济于事。巴赫只得趁哥哥离家外出与深夜熟睡之际，在月光下偷偷地把心爱的曲谱一笔一划地抄下来，历时长达半年之久，因而大大损坏了他的视力。他的晚年在双目失明中痛苦地度过，直至去世。

青年时代离家出走

巴赫15岁时，终于只身离家，走上了独立生活的道路。他靠美妙的歌喉与出色的古钢琴、小提琴、管风琴的演奏技艺，被吕奈堡圣·米歇尔教堂附设的唱诗班录取，同时进

30岁时的巴赫

入神学校学习。这里的图书馆藏有丰富的古典音乐作品，巴赫一头钻进去，像块巨大的海绵，全力汲取、融合着欧洲各种流派的艺术成就，开阔了自己的音乐视野。为了练琴，他常常彻夜不眠，通宵达旦。每逢假日，他都要步行数十里去汉堡聆听名家的演奏。

毕业担任演奏员

1702年他从圣·米歇尔毕业，翌年在一家室内乐队当一名小提琴手。在随后的二十年中，他干过许多行当。巴赫在一生中主要是以一位卓越的风琴家而闻名，虽然他还是一位作曲家、教师以及乐队指挥。1723年巴赫三十八岁时开始在莱比锡的圣·托马斯教堂任歌咏班领唱，他在余生的二十七年中一直担任此角。

魏玛时代(1708-1717)

巴赫演奏了其清唱剧《上帝是我的国王，BWV71》,同年辞职去接受一个报酬更为丰厚的职位，任魏玛公爵威廉.恩斯特的宫廷管弦乐师;1714年成为乐长。在威玛巴赫创作了大部分管风琴作品，也首次发现了维瓦尔第的音乐，开始了协奏曲的创作。1717年接受柯登的安哈尔特利奥波德亲王的乐正职位;但其辞职被威廉.恩斯特所阻挠，在免除其义务之前甚至还把其关押在狱中。

克滕时代(1717-1723)

在克滕的日子是巴赫一生中的一个黄金时代。此间他创作了被誉为“键盘乐的旧约圣经”的《平均律钢琴曲集》第一卷和在管弦乐发展史上堪称里程碑的《勃兰登堡协奏曲》等大量出色的世俗和宗教音乐;同时巴赫还在柯滕宫廷任职，柯滕宫的镜厅非常华丽，这里还供有巴赫像。

1723年，巴赫的主人克滕亲王对音乐的兴趣似乎淡漠了，于是他辞去了宫廷中的职务，来到莱比锡出任圣托马斯教堂学校的乐监(音乐指导)，在那里他度过了一生中余下的27年时间。

此后，克滕镇因为巴赫的音乐而充满活力：其合唱团自1908年起就沿用巴赫的名字、1935年创立的“巴赫音乐节”、1967年为纪念巴赫在这里供职250周年轮番举办了“巴赫音乐节”及“巴赫音乐比赛”，并将此作为传统延续至今，而当时的组织者也就此成立下来，即为今天的“克滕巴赫社团”。1983年克滕历史博物馆专门开放了“巴赫纪念馆”。

莱比锡时期是巴赫一生中最长的一个时期，也是创作最多的时期。此时的巴赫无论演奏技巧还是作曲水平都已到了炉火纯青的地步。他在莱比锡谱写的杰作，有感人至深的《b小调弥撒》和《马太受难曲》，《平均律钢琴曲集》第二卷和体现他高深作曲造诣的《赋格的艺术》等。1747年，这位无冕音乐之王去波茨坦旅行时被另一位国王—普鲁士国王腓特烈召见，并表演了即兴演奏，在座的观众无不为之折服。第二年，巴赫把这次演奏的主题加以发展，写成了另一部总结他作曲和演奏艺术的作品—《音乐的奉献》。

在莱比锡，巴赫作为圣托马斯男声合唱团的指挥度过了27年，由于他长期用眼过度，巴赫视力减退，晚年患白内障失明了，但他仍用口授的方式坚持创作。在逝世的前几天，他还在口授一首众赞歌《走向主的神坛》。乐曲每一个音符都表达出老人生前最后的虔诚祈祷，最后在第二十六小节处戛然而止，成了大师的绝笔之作。

1750年7月28日夜，巴赫的一生画上了最后一个休止符，安然的走向了他心中的神坛。三天后，约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫在莱比锡圣约翰教堂墓地下葬。

巴赫的主要作品

Title

BWV

Op.

No.

Inst.

Type

» Overture in the French style in B Minor, BWV 831

831

- Piano Solo

Overture

» Partita No. 1 in B♭ Major, BWV 825

825

- Piano Solo

Partita

» Partita No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 826

826

- Piano Solo

Partita

» Partita No. 3 in A Minor, BWV 827

827

- Piano Solo

Partita

» Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 850

850

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 857

857

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 846

846

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 847

847

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C♯ Major, BWV 848

848

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C♯ Minor, BWV 849

849

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851

851

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E♭ Major, BWV 852

852

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in E♭ Minor, BWV 853

853

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 854

854

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 855

855

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 856

856

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F♯ Minor, BWV 858

858

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F♯ Minor, BWV 859

859

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 860

860

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 861

861

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A♭ Major, BWV 862

862

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G♯ Minor, BWV 863

863

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 864

864

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 865

865

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B♭ Major, BWV 866

866

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B♭ Minor, BWV 867

867

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 868

868

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 869

869

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 870

870

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 888

888

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 889

889

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B♭ Major, BWV 890

890

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B♭ Minor, BWV 891

891

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 892

892

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 893

893

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G♯ Minor, BWV 887

887

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A♭ Major, BWV 886

886

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 885

885

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 884

884

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F♯ Minor, BWV 883

883

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F♯ Major, BWV 882

882

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 881

881

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 880

880

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 879

879

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 878

878

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in D♯ Minor, BWV 877

877

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E♭ Major, BWV 876

876

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 875

875

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 874

874

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C♯ Minor, BWV 873

873

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C♯ Major, BWV 872

872

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 871

871

- Piano Solo

Prelude and Fugue

» Partita No. 4 in D Major, BWV 828

828

- Piano Solo

Partita

» Partita No. 5 in G Major, BWV 829

829

- Piano Solo

Partita

» Partita No. 6 in E Minor, BWV 830

830

- Piano Solo

Partita

» Invention No. 14 in B♭ Major, BWV 785, No. 14

785

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Toccata No. 1, BWV 910

910

- Piano Solo

Toccata

» Toccata No. 2, BWV 911

911

- Piano Solo

Toccata

» Toccata No. 3, BWV 912

912

- Piano Solo

Toccata

» Toccata No. 4, BWV 913

913

- Piano Solo

Toccata

» Toccata No. 5, BWV 914

914

- Piano Solo

Toccata

» Toccata No. 6, BWV 915

915

- Piano Solo

Toccata

» Toccata No. 7, BWV 916

916

- Piano Solo

Toccata

» Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 903

903

- Piano Solo

Fantasy

» Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 939, No. 1

939

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 941, No. 3

941

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Invention No. 1 in C Major, BWV 772, No. 1

772

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 784, No. 13

784

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 925

925

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Sinfonia No. 6 in E Major, BWV 792, No. 6

792

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 793, No. 7

793

- Piano Solo

Invention

» English Suite, BWV 806, No. 1

806

- Piano Solo

Suite

» English Suite, BWV 807, No. 2

807

- Piano Solo

Suite

» English Suite, BWV 808, No. 3

808

- Piano Solo

Suite

» English Suite, BWV 810, No. 5

810

- Piano Solo

Suite

» English Suite, BWV 809, No. 4

809

- Piano Solo

Suite

» English Suite, BWV 811, No. 6

811

- Piano Solo

Suite

» Fantasia and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 904

904

- Piano Solo

–

» Italian Concerto, BWV 971

971

- Piano Solo

Concerto

» Suite in A minor, BWV 818

818

- Piano Solo

Suite

» French Suite in E Major, BWV 817, No. 6

817

- Piano Solo

Suite

» French Suite in G Major, BWV 816, No. 5

816

- Piano Solo

Suite

» French Suite in E♭ Major, BWV 815, No. 4

815

- Piano Solo

Suite

» French Suite in B Minor, BWV 814, No. 3

814

- Piano Solo

Suite

» French Suite in C Minor, BWV 813, No. 2

813

- Piano Solo

Suite

» French Suite in D Minor, BWV 812, No. 1

812

- Piano Solo

Suite

» Invention No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 773, No. 2

773

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 3 in D Major, BWV 774, No. 3

774

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 775, No. 4

775

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 5 in E♭ Major, BWV 776, No. 5

776

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 6 in E Major, BWV 777, No. 6

777

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 778, No. 7

778

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 8 in F Major, BWV 779, No. 8

779

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 780, No. 9

780

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 10 in G Major, BWV 781, No. 10

781

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 12 in A Major, BWV 783, No. 12

783

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 786, No. 15

786

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Invention No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 782, No. 11

782

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 801, No. 15

801

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 12 in A Major, BWV 798, No. 12

798

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 14 in B♭ Major, BWV 800, No. 14

800

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 799, No. 13

799

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 797, No. 11

797

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 10 in G Major, BWV 796, No. 10

796

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 8 in F Major, BWV 794, No. 8

794

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 795, No. 9

795

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 5 in E♭ Major, BWV 791, No. 5

791

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 790, No. 4

790

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 3 in D Major, BWV 789, No. 3

789

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 788, No. 2

788

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Sinfonia No. 1 in C Major, BWV 787, No. 1

787

- Piano Solo

Invention

» Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 940, No. 2

940

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 942, No. 4

942

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 943, No. 5

943

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 938

938

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in E Major, BWV 937

937

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 936

936

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 928

928

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in C Minor, BWV 934

934

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 926

926

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Capriccio sopra la lontananza del suo fratello dilettissimo (Capriccio on the Departure of his Beloved Brother), BWV 992

992

- Piano Solo

Caprice

» Fugue in C Major, BWV 952

952

- Piano Solo

Fugue

» Fugue in C Major, BWV 953

953

- Piano Solo

Fugue

» Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 906

906

- Piano Solo

–

» Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 927

927

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 929

929

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 930

930

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 931

931

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 932

932

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 924

924

- Piano Solo

Prélude

» Suite for Orchestra No. 1 in C Major, BWV 1066

1066

Orchestra

Suite

» Violin Concerto in A Minor, BWV 1041

1041

Violin & Orchestra

Concerto

» Violin Sonata No. 1 in G Minor, BWV 1001

1001

Violin Solo

Sonata

» Violin Partita No. 1 in B Minor, BWV 1002

1002

Violin Solo

Partita

» Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 1003

1003

Violin Solo

Sonata

» Violin Partita No. 2 in D Minor, BWV 1004

1004

Violin Solo

Partita

» Violin Sonata No. 3 in C Major, BWV 1005

1005

Violin Solo

Sonata

» Violin Partita No. 3 in E Major, BWV 1006

1006

Violin Solo

Partita

» Violin Sonata in E Minor, BWV 1023

1023

Violin & Piano

Sonata

» Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C Minor

–

Concerto

» Great Fantasia and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542

542

Organ

Prelude and Fugue

» Suite for Cello No. 3, BWV 1009

1009

–

Suite

» Goldberg Variations, BWV 988

988

- Piano Solo

Variation

» Chorale, BWV 514

514

- Piano Solo

–[2]

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